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Abraham Barak Salem
Abraham Barak Salem (1882–1967) was an Indian nationalist and Zionist,〔(PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia ) - European Association of South Asian Studies〕 a lawyer and politician, and one of the most prominent Cochin Jews of the twentieth century. A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to graduate from college, and the first Cochin Jew to become an attorney. He practised in Ernakulam, where he eventually used ''satyagraha'' to fight the discrimination among Jews against his people. An activist in the trade union and Indian national causes, he later was attracted to Zionism. After visiting Palestine in the 1930s, he later helped arrange the migration of most Cochin Jews to Israel by 1955. He stayed in Kochi for the remainder of his life.
==Early life==
Salem was born in 1882 to a Jewish family in Cochin (now Kochi), then a small princely state in British India and now part of the Indian state of Kerala. His family were regarded as ''meshuchrarim'', a Hebrew word used, sometimes neutrally and sometimes with derogatory intent, to denote a manumitted slave or her descendants. The Paradesi () Jews of Cochin had arrived there since the 16th-century following the expulsion of Jews from Spain. They discriminated against the ''meshuchrarim'' in their community who were relegated to a subordinate position in the Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin. Given the cultural differences between them, the Paradesi (or "White") Jews and the older communities of Malabari Jews also maintained ethnic distinctions for centuries, which became associated historically with differences in skin colour.
Brought up by his mother, Salem attended the Maharaja's College in Ernakulam. He moved to Chennai to earn his Bachelor of Arts degree, becoming the first university graduate among the ''meshuchrarim''.〔Katz 2000:67〕 Whilst in Chennai he also earned his law degree, the first Jew from Cochin to do so,〔(T. V. R. Shenoy, "The Jewish Gandhi and Barack Obama" ), ''Rediff,'' 8 September 2008〕 before returning to practise as a lawyer in the Cochin Chief Court in Ernakulam.
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